Animal Cell

Animal Cell Animal cell: An animal cell is known as a form of eukaryotic cell that makes up many tissues in animals. Animal cells are distinct from other eukaryotes, most notably plant cells, as they lack cell walls and chloroplasts. They also have smaller vacuoles. Due to the lack of a cell wall, animal cells can adopt a variety of shapes. A phagocytic cell can even engulf other structures. These cells are of eukaryotic origin and their nucleus is double membrane bound. They also have their DNA within the nucleus unlike the case of Prokaryotic cells. Additionally, they consist of membrane bound cell organelles present in the cytoplasm, and certain cellular structures which are required to carry out basic cellular operations. Cell organelles are involved in wide range of cell activities like production of enzymes or hormones in order to generate energy. Anatomy of animal cell Plasma Membrane: It is a thin, selectively permeable membrane which covers the cytoplasm and is involves and cellular transport. Ribosomes: These are large ribonucleoproteins consisting of RNAs and proteins, ubiquitous in all animal cells, which translate the genetic information stored in the messenger RNA into polypeptides. Endoplasmic Reticulum: It is the largest single membrane bound intracellular compartment. It is an extensive network of closed and flattened membrane-bound structure involved in protein synthesis and post translational protein modification. Golgi complex: It is a single membrane bound organelle and part of endomembrane system. It consists of five to eight flattened membrane bound sacs called the cisternae. The Golgi apparatus is often considered the distribution and shipping department for the cells chemical products. Lysosomes: These are membrane enclosed compartments filled with hydrolytic enzymes that are used for the controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules. They contain 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes including proteases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases and sulfatases. Mitochondria: It is an energy converting organelle which is present virtually in all eukaryotic cells. They are the sites of aerobic respiration. They produce cellular energy in the form of ATP, hence they are called power house of the cell. Peroxisomes: It is a single membrane bound small organelle present in an animal cell. A major oxidative reaction carried out in peroxisomes is the -oxidation. -oxidation in mammalian cells occur both in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Microtubules: These are hollow, cylindrical structure, present in animal cells and play crucial role in the determination of cell shape and cellular motility. Cilia and Flagella: Eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia have a specialized arrangement of microtubules which are remarkably similar in their organization. A flagellum possesses a central bundle of microtubule called the axoneme, in which nine outer doublet microtubules surround a central pair of singlet microtubules (9+2 arrangement). Centriole: It is a barrel shaped polarized structure made up of microtubules. Centrioles are present in most of the animal cells, called MTOC (microtubule-organizing center). They participate in the process of cell division. Nucleus: The nucleus is the controlling center of eukaryotic cell. It contains most of the genetic material of the cell. It further consists of the following parts: Nuclear envelope: It consists of two concentric membranes called the inner and outer nuclear membrane. The outer membrane is continuous with ER. In contrast the inner membrane carries unique proteins that are specific to the nucleus. The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores for transport of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Nucleolus: It is a non- membrane bound dynamic body which disappears in the late prophase and reappears in the telophase stage of cell division. It consists of rRNA genes in the form of partly condensed chromatin and ribosomal precursor particles. Chromatin and chromosomes: A chromatin is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It contains a single dsDNA in coiled and condensed form. The difference between chromatin and chromosomes is that chromatin is less condensed and extended DNA while chromosomes are highly condensed DNA. The extent of chromatin condensation varies during the life cycle of cells. The light staining, less condensed portions are termed as euchromatin while the darkly stained portions are termed heterochromatin. Animal cell organization: Animal body comprised of trillions of cells. In humans, there are numerous types of animal cells performing different functions. For example, neurons participate in the cell to cell signaling of electrical impulses, red blood cells play role in oxygen transport to various organs and tissues of the body. Different organs have cells specific to their functions like hepatic cells of liver are involved in detoxification while kidney cells are involved in urine filtration.

Introverts Guide to Career Success - Introvert Whisperer

Introvert Whisperer / Introvert’s Guide to Career Success - Introvert Whisperer Introvert’s Guide to Career Success In the perfect world career success would be logical. Raises, promotions, and job interviews would be based entirely on intellect and experience. Alas, we are humans and not Star Treks vulcans.  As humans, career success is more often than not a combination of hard facts, personality, and networking. As introverts, it can be tempting to simply rely on intellect and experience to progress your career, but that would be entering the career arena with a personally inflicted handicap.  Why? Personal relationships built through networking can open new opportunities far more efficiently than digging through job ads. According to NPR article A Successful Job Search: Its All About Networking, networking is vital because: Companies can be flooded with thousands of applications. 70% to 80% of jobs aren’t posted online. Businesses tend to hire family and friends that they trust if they can. Introverts, unfortunately, need to pro-actively include networking skills and activity into their daily  work life  to increase their chances of career success. Social Media. Social media can be an easier method for introverts to begin the difficult journey of networking in and out of the office. This particular skill and activity dont require face to face interaction, so it can be a far easier and less stressful means of social interaction. Minor warning: If your job requires you to build a social media presence, ensure that your employer realizes that you have ownership of the account. Individuals can begin networking via social media by: Regularly posting to one or two social media sites. Not just sharing, but engaging in conversations with people online. Engaging in Twitter Chats. On Twitter tweet utilizing trending hashtags. Pinpoint one or two influencers a week you want to begin building a relationship with. Interact with them and share their content. For more information, you should check out this guide on how to make it big with social media. Enhance Emotional Intelligence. Emotional intelligence, also known as EI or EQ, is an individual’s ability to: Detect and respond to the moods, and motivations of others. Realize how your own values, beliefs, and moods are affecting your actions. Why is EI important? Introverts with a high EI and a low tolerance for interacting with strangers can be just as effective as social butterflies. Slow  and  steady  wins  the  race.  Its  not  the  frequency, to some extent that  you  speak to individuals,  but  the  quality  of  your  words. The good news is if you do have low EI that is a skill you can build. If you’re EI needs work, you can: Start to pay attention to the body language, facial expressions, and gestures of others. Monitor your own emotions, body language, and facial expressions. Reduce your stress. Jump into Work Activities and Groups. I know, I at least, as an introvert often have a hard time building relationships with one-on-one social interaction. I have found that a willingness to jump onto new teams, new committees, and engage in after work group activities can be a safe way to gradually break the ice with new groups of co-workers. While working with the same group can be comfortable month after month, continually throwing yourself into new groups allows you to eliminate the stress from approaching new people out of the blue to introduce yourself. You can utilize this method by: Volunteer for or accept requests that you join new teams or projects. Apply to new positions or departments within the organization. Sign up for after work activities. Volunteer to be on work committees. General Strategies to Interact With Co-Workers. There comes a time where you just need to take a deep breath, take a moment to psych yourself up and begin interacting with co-workers. Social media, high emotional intelligence, and group activities can only take you so far. Here are some strategies to begin forming relationships with co-workers: Keep an eye out for ‘work’ ice breakers. Work related questions, advice, or issues are a great means of naturally introducing yourself to unknown co-workers. Use different mediums. No one said all your interaction with co-workers needs to be face to face. You can use any combination of face-to-face, social media, and chat interaction as you build relationships. Volunteer to be a mentor or train for new employees. Begin to learn how to interact with individuals as a group and during team meetings. Do fellow employees a solid. Favors can facilitate stronger ties. Often individuals might feel indebted to you, so they’re more likely to think of you if an opportunity arises. Very few people succeed professionally alone. Career success, unfortunately, is an equal parts skill and networking. Introverts, while not always naturally inclined to network, need to seriously consider adding networking activities to their daily workflow. You won’t regret it. Go to top Do you know what your next career step is?  Many people don’t. I want to help you accelerate your career by connecting you with your Free Instant Access to my eBook on how to construct your Career SMART Goals â€" that will help you put together your actions and keep you accountable. Get your copy now and start your action plan today! Brought to you by Dorothy Tannahill-Moran â€" dedicated to unleashing your professional potential. Introvert Whisperer

Nail Your Audition for X Factor and More

Nail Your Audition for X Factor and More Megan L. Do you think you have what it takes to be Americas next big singing sensation? With shows like The Voice, The X Factor and American Idol holding their open castings, you might be thinking about grabbing that microphone and sharing your talent with the world. As you prepare for your audition day, take some tips from expert TakeLessons certified vocal instructors to make sure that you really shine on camera! Make sure youre mentally as well as vocally prepared for the competition.  Fawn A. in Los Angeles, CA says, Know who you are and be yourself! Along with being yourself comes knowing your story. These shows not only look for talent, but they want to know YOU. So I suggest you bare your soul. Write it all out on a piece of paper: What influenced you? What type of childhood did you have? What challenges have you faced? People are more likely to support you and want to hear more about you, the more honest you are. Jonathan P. in Brighton, MA suggests, Know your vocal/physical type. The producers dont want to fill up an  entire show with one vocal or physical type. If youre a rock singer, be  sure they can hear that, even when you are singing a pop or soul piece.  Consistency is marketable. Be careful to choose music and an outfit that  show you off.  Keep your sound consistent. It might be tempting to go  for it by choosing something at the edge of your technique, but that  strategy almost always backfires. In those high pressure  situations, youll be glad you picked music youre comfortable with. Vanessa L. in Ontario, CA agrees. She advises, Be confident in the song, dont pick a song that you have struggles with. You will be nervous enough without worrying about your song. Meaning, your rhythm, pitch and control of the song should be perfect. If there are any of those struggles it will be that much harder to audition. If you are confident, that will shine through and they will see what you wa nt them to see. Also, its important to be aware that audition day is likely to be long and challenging.  Michelle A. in Sherman Oaks, CA writes, Going in you want to be aware that there are  many rounds to these auditions that are never shown on television. When you  show up you will not necessarily be singing for celebrities right off the bat.  You have several rounds of auditions for various producers of the show before  you are even considered to perform in front of judges.  Most of the time, the call time for  these auditions is extremely early in the morning and they can last all day. Be  sure to go into the audition well rested. You may want to take along food, water and  something to keep you busy.  Each show has different audition  requirements and expectations. Before you get to the audition, be aware of everything the producers require you bring with you on the day. This might include paperwork, ID or birth certificates. Also make sure your vocal selections fit their requirements. Valerie W. in New City, NY shares her students experience auditioning and moving forward in the competition. Once your number is called, dont expect  to sing a full song. They want you to prepare a verse and a chorus of one song. Id suggest  having a couple more in your back pocket just in case! With my student Serena, we prepared a song that the producer didnt know but they liked how she sounded.  Luckily she had another couple of songs in her back pocket because they wanted to hear something else that they would know. Once she got her red slip to move forward, she had to wait to fill out lots of paperwork. She was then asked to come back 4 days later and to prepare 3 new songs! Online Auditions for The X Factor are open through June 15, 2013. Youll find a list of upcoming in-person auditions below: April 14, 2013 in New Orleans, LA April 25, 2013 in Long Island, NY May 14, 2013 in Denver, CO Are you auditioning for a singing competition? Share how you prepared in the comments! Megan L. TakeLessons Staff Member and Blogger You might also like Creating Your Brand As a Singer The Shy Singers Survival Guide Expert Audition Tips TakeLessons Exclusive! Photo by ImagePros.

Indefinite Integral

Indefinite Integral Indefinite integral is the set of functions F(x) + C, where C is any real number and F(x) is the integral of f(x) whereas Integral is the result of a mathematical integration; F(x) is the integral of f(x) if dF/dx = f(x). In other words Indefinite integral is anti derivative of the functions. It is written as f(x)dx (without upper and lower limits). If f(x)dx = F + c Where F is the anti derivative of f and C is the arbitrary constant Here f is called as integrand and x is the variable of integration. Indefinite Integral is so called because its value cant be determined until the end points are specified Formulae: xn dx = xn+1(n+1)+ c k .dx = kx + c Trigonometry rules: Example 1: x4 .dx 4x2 + c (b) 4x3 + c (c) x33 + c (d) x55 + c Answer: d Explanation: Here n = 4 x4 dx = x(4+1)(4+1) + c = x55 + c Example 2: (8ex- 2x2 + 3x2 -2x). dx Answer: 8 ex . dx - 2 x-2 . dx + 3 x2 .dx - 2 x .dx = 8ex 2.x-1-1 + 3. x33 - 2. x22 + c = 8ex + 2x + x3 - x2 + c

Want To Step Up Your Online Math Tutoring You Need To Read This First

Want To Step Up Your Online Math Tutoring You Need To Read This First 0SHARESShare Tutoring online has taught the education world a new way of thinking and a great line of working. Global connection and comfortable learning environment are the factors highlighted by online tutoring to the world around, which is in search of innovating teaching-learning methods. A student today need not know who his online tutor is but can chat with him, text him and send his files through mail for clarifications in his studies. Tutoring online is much help to all the subject learners, particularly the weak ones in Math. Why? Math tutors are globally available  so that the best person  can be chosen by the student This could trigger off the recruitment of the really deserving Math online tutor who could rationalize, visualize and empathize with the student , while promoting his studies Since Math talent can be  from any corner in the world, this global availability is a real landmark in Math tutoring Aside from this, the access to tutoring online at any unpredictable hour is the utmost facility in Math tutoring online as you cannot predict the emergencies in Math The student may develop doubts or go wrong in the last step Rectifications at once is an undeniable phenomenon in Math tutoring The tutor should be available at any moment which is possible only through web based tutoring  An online math tutor can be the backbone of a student  in order to shape his Math skills Without a strong hold on Math, doing Scientific formulas or pursuing Engineering or Digital courses are no way fruitful Hence, the essential nature of a tutor in Math online with his benevolent factors for a weak Math student Doing Math can be made fun for students who consider Math as a bad dream full of monstrous numbers and threatening theorems and figures. [starbox id=admin]

Tips To Make FAFSA Filing Easier

Tips To Make FAFSA Filing Easier Just finished my FAFSA; would rather blind myself with a spork than do that again, reads a recent tweet on Twitter. Filing the Free Application For Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is the definition of tedium. Unnecessary complications, prying information, and hours of frustration make up the typical FAFSA experience. Its a daunting experience, but if given the time and patience, filling out the FAFSA form could help a student earn a significant amount of financial aid. But its not easy. So Jenna Johnson from the Washington Post and Mark Kantrowitz, a financial aid expert and publisher of Fastweb.com and FinAid.org held a live, online FAFSA question and answer session. Reading through its board could help clear up some of your FAFSA questions and complications. See the whole question and answer session here.

How Tension Affects Your Voice (And What to Do About It!)

How Tension Affects Your Voice (And What to Do About It!) Suzy S. As a beginner singer, its important to understand how unnecessary tension affects your tone and your breath support. Here, NY teacher  Nadia B.  shares what to keep in mind and how to combat that tension Singing is, in many ways, a very natural activity. We all have a voice, and it is meant to be used to communicate in speech and in music. However, when one delves more into the art of singing through voice lessons, practice, and performance, tension sometimes creeps in. It can seem uncontrollable and the source unidentifiable. The reasons for tension are many, but with the following tips you should be able to better identify how to sing without tension and enjoy a singing practice that is full of expression and requires much less effort. Understanding the Common Causes of Tension To combat tension, the first step is to understand some of the common causes for tension while singing. The most common ones I encounter are a mix of psychological and physical. Trying to be right and using too much effort are two of the biggest factors in tension. To identify whether these apply to you, notice as you’re singing if you’re always trying to fix something. Are you set on singing each passage perfectly, no matter what it takes? You might especially notice this in your singing lessons, when your teacher is observing you. While the intention is good, trying to sing something perfectly can lead to excess mental and physical tension. Using too much effort goes along with this idea. Although singing is a very natural activity, sometimes singers use too much effort in an attempt to sing loudly, more expressively, or faster. So, What Can You Do? Pay attention to your physical reaction and your thoughts as you approach a passage that calls for one of the above qualities. Do you notice an increase in tension, or of negative or panicky thoughts? If so, simply noticing these trends and taking steps to reduce your engagement with these unproductive methods can greatly reduce the amount of tension you’re using. Instead of placing your mental and physical energy in these methods, focus on staying open as you allow the expression to come up and out of you, connecting with the ground to sing louder, and using the breath as a means to propel a fast passage instead of muscular effort or unhelpful thoughts. What Else Causes Tension? Two additional mindsets that lead to excess tension are over-focusing and anxiousness. As you sing, are you overly focused on the voice and the vocal mechanism? While the vocal mechanism is undoubtedly important, singers can forget the rest of the body, which is an important part of resonance, power, and connection. If you are fixated on the vocal mechanism, try to bring your awareness to the whole torso, and then include the legs, arms, head, and feet as well. Similarly, feeling anxious or nervous while performing can create tension. To work with nerves while practicing or before a performance, give yourself a few breaths to notice what areas of your body are responding to the feelings of nerves, and see if you can mentally connect those areas to the whole of you. For example, while your neck might feel tight and tense, remembering that it is part of your whole spine and supported by all the buoyant connections within the spine and the ribcage can help you release the tension. Dont Let Tension Take Over! Whatever the cause of tension, it always has a physical manifestation that can be very uncomfortable and can interfere greatly with singing naturally and beautifully. As you become more in tune with how to sing without tension, use your awareness of your body to release tension in the following areas: The root of the tongue (it should be soft, not tight and hard) The jaw (release the muscles of the jaw to free the whole vocal mechanism, including the throat, the back of the neck, the head and mask and the tops of the shoulders) The soft palette (allowing it to rise up, or releasing any depression in the soft palette, can create more room for resonance) The throat (not tightening or constricting the throat allows the air to move easily) The mask (releasing any deadening in the sinuses, contraction in the eyes and forehead, and allowing the nose to be wide can create much more space for the sound) The intercostal muscles (in between the ribs; allowing these muscles to release allows the breath to move easily in and out without excess effort) The diaphragm and the back (the diaphragm’s connection to the ribs and back makes it essential for ease in singing, and the back is a wide and long swath of musculature that you can allow to expand to create more flexibility and freedom in your singing) The back line (think of this as a line that extends from your sacrum down through the buttocks and legs and into your heels; allowing it to lengthen into the ground ensures that you are not over-contracting the buttocks, legs, and ankles) With these tips, you can easily discover how to sing without tension! And in the process, you may also find even greater delight and enjoyment in exploring the craft of singing. Use these tips as a jumping off point for your own exploration of how your whole self â€" body, mind, and soul â€" acts as an open vessel for expressing everything a rich, meaningful voice has to offer. Nadia B. teaches flute and piano in New York, NY, as well as through online lessons. She  acted as principal flutist of the orchestra and wind ensemble at  California State University, Sacramento, and then went on to receive her degree in Music Performance from New York University.  Learn more about Nadia here! Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher Photo by  Armando G Alonso

Atoms, Modal Verbs and Phrasal Verbs An English Listening Exercise

Atoms, Modal Verbs and Phrasal Verbs An English Listening Exercise If youve been taking our English classes for any time, you probably already know that modal verbs and phrasal verbs are some of the most difficult things to learn. Weve done a lot of lessons to explain them, including a video series on English modal verbs.Recently I was watching this TED Ed video on the size of atoms and noticed that it had a lot of modal verbs, and a few phrasal verbs as well. Its a really interesting video, with great animation. You can watch the video below, and then try to answer the questions in the exercise. Fill in the gaps with phrasal verbs or modal verbs. You can put your answers in comments, and well let you know if theyre correct.1. You probably already know that everything is ____ __ __ little tiny things called atoms.2. You _____ even know that each atom is made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.3. Lets ____ __ each of the atoms.4. You _____ remember the old pictures of atoms from your science class.5. If you ______  _ ___ the blueberry and ____ searching for the nucleus, ___ be invisible.6.  So, if everyone on the earth _____ their own car, and they dont, and you put all of those cars into your box, that _____ be about the density of a nucleus.Reading questionsHow big would the nucleus be if you made the atom the size of a football stadium?What do you think the gorilla in the background is a reference to? (Hint, it is related to another scientific experiment). Mariz  Hi Paul, it is certainly a good exercise! I have a friend whos teaching an ESL course I will refer this to her. The students for sure will like this ?? LOIEnglish Thanks Mariz! Im glad you enjoyed it. How did you do on the the exercise? Anna Pfitzner COULD you publish the tapescript as well?